Bounds - Rust By Example
Description: Rust by Example (RBE) is a collection of runnable examples that illustrate various Rust concepts and standard libraries.

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# Bounds

Just like generic types can be bounded, lifetimes (themselves generic) use bounds as well. The `:` character has a slightly different meaning here, but `+` is the same. Note how the following read:

1. `T: 'a`: All references in `T` must outlive lifetime `'a`.
2. `T: Trait + 'a`: Type `T` must implement trait `Trait` and all references in `T` must outlive `'a`.

The example below shows the above syntax in action used after keyword `where`:

    use std::fmt::Debug; // Trait to bound with.

    #[derive(Debug)]
    struct Ref<'a, T: 'a>(&'a T);
    // `Ref` contains a reference to a generic type `T` that has
    // some lifetime `'a` unknown by `Ref`. `T` is bounded such that any
    // *references* in `T` must outlive `'a`. Additionally, the lifetime
    // of `Ref` may not exceed `'a`.

    // A generic function which prints using the `Debug` trait.
    fn print<T>(t: T) where
        T: Debug {
        println!("`print`: t is {:?}", t);
    }

    // Here a reference to `T` is taken where `T` implements
    // `Debug` and all *references* in `T` outlive `'a`. In
    // addition, `'a` must outlive the function.
    fn print_ref<'a, T>(t: &'a T) where
        T: Debug + 'a {
        println!("`print_ref`: t is {:?}", t);
    }

    fn main() {
        let x = 7;
        let ref_x = Ref(&x);

        print_ref(&ref_x);
        print(ref_x);
    }

### See also:

generics, bounds in generics, and multiple bounds in generics